TT Class 4- PC Examples and Internet Research

This class session will describe specific actions for using computer applications and accessing the internet. After knowing TT Class 2- Introducing the PC Experience, following along with the instructions below will guide you through the basic steps and actions for using the computer in different ways.
Also in the guide will be accessing the internet through a web browser, including details about how to make a query with a search engine and how to dissect the information therein. Learn a bit more about safety concepts and keeping your PC secure.

Session Subjects

Expand your existing knowledge and learn the theories related to performing different actions on a PC/desktop experience.

  • Manage user accounts and files on your computer
    • Logging in with a password
    • Adding and removing users, changing passwords
    • Navigating your file finder
  • Install and use different apps
    • Using the app store
    • Finding apps in the browser
    • Saving and organizing files from apps and programs
  • Search for information using a search engine in a web browser
    • Constructing a query
    • Navigating websites
  • Security concepts
    • Viruses and antiviruses
    • System and software updates

Logging in

Use the password linked to the account when you log in. Some systems will automatically skip this screen, depending on the setups.

Account concepts

An account ties the saved files and settings to the human user. The computer will contain and link everything for convenience. Multiple accounts can exist on the same computer, and some accounts can connect to the cloud.

Users

Each account is tied to a User with a name identifier. The system uses this name to automatically associate files and actions with the user. When another user logs in to their own account, the system will recognize the change and load the linked settings for that user instead.
User accounts are created and managed by the system admin (who is the primary user for personal consumer devices). Find the system settings dialog options for maintaining users. You can change users' permissions and other settings.

Passwords

A password is a security key linked to an account. Passwords should remain private and memorable because they grant access to the system and contained files. Most systems have recovery options for forgotten passwords- some methods will require an account being linked with a cloud service.

User files

Each user will have a folder structure linked to their account. The home folder can contain many other folders and files. Users can optionally secure or encrypt their data to restrict unwanted access to that data.
Admin accounts can find files in other system folders and admins have more control over the content on the machine.

Managing files

Users can touch and manipulate their files in more or less direct ways through different views and apps.

File browser

The primary way to find and move files around is through the system's file browser.
Think of the organization similar to a real filing system with paper documents and folders. On a computer, there is no inherent number or size limit to the number of files or folders which can be combined and contained within each other.

Manipulating files

Files can be moved and changed through the file browser in a few different ways. These actions are performed by selecting a file or folder and using the menu options, or using right click, or using keyboard shortcuts.

  • Move (cut and paste)
  • Create a copy (copy and paste)
  • Rename
  • Delete
  • Opening and Editing

Obtaining new files

Files are managed in a file explorer, but created and edited using other programs apps.
Saving a file will create it as an entity on your computer disk in a folder which you can find and manage.

Apps

Applications and programs are special types of executable files which do other complex actions. Most programs are installed onto the computer and must be opened and interacted with to cause changes. Web browsers have many functions and can perform a wide range of actions without needing to install any other supplements.

Files in apps

Apps are files, and they can create and change files. Here are some example file types, related apps, and use cases:

  • Text files- Text files are the simplest type of file. There are very many programs for editing text programs and a large range of tools for users of large text files.
    • System files, settings files, and other hidden files exist as text files which the computer uses (usually in relation to the user's system preferences).
  • Number files- Spreadsheet files are also text files- they have a specific formatting which the computer can easily render into the desired grid shapes.
  • Image files- Images are more complex. The data on the computer is stored and can be viewed using a text file program, but it will be jumbled. Use a program specific for images to render the view correctly. There are many free and paid programs for viewing and editing pictures.
  • Video files- Like images, videos are more complex and will require a more complex program which gives more playback settings.
    • For editing videos (or really large/complex image data), a strong computer is recommended.
  • Game files- Game files are a larger structure of specifically formatted files which are packaged, installed, and executed together. Sometimes the installation can be complex or require an extended setup or login process.
    • Find games with a reputable provider- software manager tools are useful for sorting and running games. Games require significant processing power to run compared to viewing text data.

Managing apps

Finding the right app for your program is sometimes automatic. The computer will be able to identify if it is able open your file, and it may suggest alternatives if it cannot. The best way to obtain apps is through the App Store or Software Management program on your system, although files can also be downloaded from the internet and executed on your local machine.
Be wary of how you obtain your files- bad actors on the internet will create fake downloads disguised as valid products. Double check and make sure the target file and where it comes from is legitimate.

App Store

The primary source of apps should be the app store for your system. The app store is typically filled with curated programs which have been reviewed or which meet a certain set of minimum requirements related to performance and security.
Use the search feature and filter by categories to find what you need.

Apps from the web

It is possible to use the internet to search for files and programs to download and use on your own machine. It is your right to modify your machine, but there is also additional risk when using unverified sources.

  • Verify the source: Doublecheck the downloaded file name and type. Confirm you are downloading from the correct website source. Make sure you are at the best location to download- search the web for a reputable host.
  • Verify the download/content: confirm that the type of data you are downloading is valid and will be useful to you. Consider if there may be an alternative solution or method for achieving your goal. Research whether the thing you are downloading is real and functional.
  • Install the app: While installing or running the program, the computer may ask and confirm that you wish to run and might confirm the creator or publisher of the program when applicable. This is a chance to doublecheck that you want to run allow the data to operate on your machine.

Using apps

After an app is downloaded and installed, open it by finding it in the start menu or as a shortcut in your files list. Click it to open it and wait a moment for it to load on the screen.
Every app will serve its own purpose in its own way. Use the mouse and keyboard to click buttons to interact with the app.

Multitasking with apps

You computer has an electric brain making thousands of computations per second and it is able to multitask on more than one app at a time.
Apps are mostly displayed as a window or pane on the screen which can be moved and interacted in different ways using the mouse and keyboard.

Mouse actions

  • Move the mouse on screen and use the left and right mouse buttons to select objects and open additional options.
  • Most windows can be moved by dragging the title bar at the top of the pane, or grabbing the edges or corners of the pane to resize the window.
  • On newer operating systems, dragging a window to an edge or corner of the screen will snap the pane to a specific size and allow you to easily change the apps in the different screen portions.

Keyboard shortcuts

The multitasking keyboard shortcuts allow you to easily open and switch between different apps.

  • Hold Alt and tap Tab to cycle between open (or minimized) windows and apps
    • Add the Shift key to cycle in reverse order
  • Press the Windows, Command, or Super key to open an applications menu to begin searching through files and programs on your computer
    • The key combo might be different for some machines
  • On Microsoft Windows, press Control + Shift + Escape to open a task manager, and Control + Alt + Delete will open a different system dialog to find the task manager or lock the computer.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is the mindset and awareness of your actions and the status of your computer which prevents malicious users from accessing your files and network.
Most computers are secure by default and will prevent unwanted apps and access from running on your computer. Because of this, most of the "hacking" which fails or succeeds in granting the hacker access is through hacking the human. This is called social engineering.

How hackers work

There are hardware and software tools used to break into computers, but computers are regularly updated to mitigate the broken and accidental "backdoors" into devices.
Because the computers are smarter and stronger than a human brain, hackers decide to attack the person using the computer rather than the device itself.

  • It is easier for a hacker to trick a human into making a mistake rather than to attempt to brute force into the computer.
  • Be on the lookout for people who are pushy or assertive. They will try to force information out of you before you can realize what they are doing.

Viruses

A virus is an executable program which causes undesirable behavior on the system:

  • A virus can lock your files or computer demanding money to unlock it.
    • Sometimes a computer will remain locked even after the ransom is paid.
  • A virus can fill up your device storage with meaningless data, or with a chain of viruses that will infect other devices on your network.
  • A virus can subtly sneak extra advertisements into your experience or redirect you to the wrong websites in your browser.
    Not all viruses are destructive: One of the first reported viruses was the Creeper- In the 1970s a message on the ARPANET bounced between computers reading "I'M THE CREEPER : CATCH ME IF YOU CAN"
    Viruses are typically obtained by downloading a file containing malicious code, and some are sophisticated enough to spread themselves to other machines automatically.

Antiviruses

Antivirus softwares are purpose-built to identify, quarantine, and revert or recover actions performed which could be potentially malicious. Most operating systems have a sufficient antivirus built in or pre-installed and activated.
Some companies create software with more robust scanning or containment ability, and other companies exist for the sole purpose of virus disaster recovery.
For the most part, computers will only do what they are told- the best antivirus is the human who knows the best practices for avoiding viruses and social engineering in the first place. Antivirus starts with the human working with the machine.

  • If you suspect that you may have a virus, use a system tool to scan the device.
  • If you suspect you have a virus, it is better to keep the machine powered off or disconnected from the network to prevent damage from progressing.
  • Bring the device to a trusted system administrator to further diagnose the device.
  • Keep your device, apps, and antivirus updated with the latest changes to help prevent viruses.

Software updates

It is important to keep software updated because you will acquire the newest features for the software- this would include security updates.
When the software producer identifies that an exploit exists for their software, they will re-/write a portion of code to correct the mistake.
For example, if the solitaire game app was discovered to mistakenly only have a deck of only 50 cards instead of 52, the publisher would be inclined to add those two cards into the game. If the team wanted to make Jokers available, they may choose to add that as optional additional content available for the game.
At a system level, keeping everything including the antivirus up to date will keep things running smoothly and without issue.

Searching on the web

Whether you are looking for information, new software, or software updates, you will want to use the internet to find the most applicable resource.

Connecting to the internet

Connections are made through a physical wire, or a "physical" wireless connection using a small radio in the device (wifi). Be sure to connect to the correct network, and use a secure password to make sure there are not any strangers accessing your network.
Your system will be able to update and download new data when you are connected to the web.

The web browser

Using a web browser is a great starting point for obtaining new information.
See also TT Class 2- Introducing the PC Experience > Internet Theory.

  • When using the internet to do research and cite sources, scroll through the search engine results to get the opinions of multiple different websites to find what is closest to the best answer.